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The word ''modulo'' (Latin, with respect to a modulus of ___) is the Latin ablative of ''modulus'' which itself means "a small measure." It was introduced into mathematics in the book ''Disquisitiones Arithmeticae'' by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. Ever since, however, "modulo" has gained many meanings, some exact and some imprecise. Generally, to say: :''A'' is the same as ''B'' modulo ''C'' means :''A'' and ''B'' are the same except for differences accounted for or explained by ''C''. ==Usage== * (This usage is from Gauss's book.) Given the integers ''a'', ''b'' and ''n'', the expression ''a'' ≡ ''b'' (mod ''n'') (pronounced "''a'' is congruent to ''b'' modulo ''n''") means that ''a'' − ''b'' is an integer multiple of ''n'', or equivalently, ''a'' and ''b'' both leave the same remainder when divided by ''n''. For more details, see modular arithmetic. * In computing, given two numbers (either integer or real), ''a'' and ''n'', ''a'' modulo ''n'' is the remainder after numerical division of ''a'' by ''n'', under certain constraints. See modulo operation. * Two members ''a'' and ''b'' of a group are congruent modulo a normal subgroup if and only if ''ab''−1 is a member of the normal subgroup. See quotient group and isomorphism theorem. * Two members of a ring or an algebra are congruent modulo an ideal if the difference between them is in the ideal. * * Used as a verb, the act of factoring out a normal subgroup (or an ideal) from a group (or ring) is often called "modding out the..." or "we now mod out the...". * Two subsets of an infinite set are equal modulo finite sets precisely if their symmetric difference is finite, that is, you can remove a finite piece from the first subset, then add a finite piece to it, and get as result the second subset. * A short exact sequence of maps leads to the definition of a quotient space as being one space modulo another; thus, for example, that a cohomology is the space of closed forms modulo exact forms. * The most general precise definition is simply in terms of an equivalence relation ''R''. We say that ''a'' is ''equivalent'' or ''congruent'' to ''b'' modulo ''R'' if ''aRb''. * Generally, ''modding out'' is a somewhat informal term that means declaring things equivalent that otherwise would be considered distinct. For example, suppose the sequence 1 4 2 8 5 7 is to be regarded as the same as the sequence 7 1 4 2 8 5 because each is a cyclicly shifted version of the other: :: : In that case one is "modding out by cyclic shifts." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Modulo (jargon)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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